特应性皮炎(atopic dermatitis, AD)是一种炎症性皮肤病,犬特应性皮炎被定义为“一种具有遗传易感性的炎性及瘙痒性的过敏性皮肤病”,通常与环境过敏原特异性IgE的产生有关,是犬常见的慢性炎性皮肤病。
白介素-31(interleukin-31, IL-31)是2004年新发现的一种细胞因子。它广泛参与机体各种功能,尤其是参与皮肤以及免疫系统的功能,包括皮肤屏障重构、神经生长、瘙痒等,它也是皮肤各种细胞之间交互作用的一种重要分子,有研究发现,IL-31与特应性皮炎慢性瘙痒存在高相关性。
IL-31与IL-31受体
IL-31属于IL-6白介素家族,为一具有4个螺旋结构的单链分子,主要由辅助2型(Th2)细胞产生。IL-31基因位于12g24.31,大小为904bp,开放阅读框为495bp,编码一条由164个氨基酸残基组成的多肽链,成熟的IL-31分子含有141个氨基酸。IL-31受体是异二聚体,由IL-31受体A(IL-31RA)和抑瘤素受体M(oncostatin M receptor, OSMR)亚单位组成,属于Ⅰ型细胞因子受体gp130亚家族。IL-31主要与IL-31受体A结合,OSM受体则可以提高IL-31受体A亲和力。
Fig 1.IL-31 and IL-31 receptor (modified from Cornelissen, et al)
IL-31与瘙痒感觉神经纤维表面IL-31RA亚基结合,激活OSMRβ亚基发生异构,主要通过JAK/STAT(Janus-activated kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription)、PI3K/AKT(phosphatidylinositol 30-kinase/protein kinase)、MAPK-JNK/p38(mitogen-activated protein kinase—Janus kinase/p38)通路,上调瞬时受体电位香草酸受体1(tansient receptor potential vanilloid,TRPV1)及瞬时受体电位受体A1(TRPA1)表达,增强神经元兴奋性,促进晚期及慢性瘙痒形成。
Fig 2.IL-31的产生和功能
The production (left part) and the function (right part) of interleukin-31 (IL-31)IL-31 is mainly produced from T helper 2 (TH2) cells. In steady-state TH2 cells, the EPAS1 molecule is associated with MST1 and DOCK8. When activated (eg, by staphylococcal enterotoxin B), EPAS1 translocates from the cytoplasm into nucleus and heterodimerizes with SP1. The EPAS1/SP1 heterodimer binds to the promoter region of IL-31 and initiates transcription. The released IL-31 binds to the IL-31 receptor, composed of IL-31 receptor A (IL-31RA) and oncostatin M receptor (OSMR), on sensory nerves and induce the itch sensation. The IL-31RA+ sensory nerves coexpress transient receptor potential cation channel vanilloid subtype 1 (TRPV1) and transient receptor potential cation channel ankyrin subtype 1(TRPA1). IL-31 also facilitates the elongation and branching of sensory nerves. Epidermal keratinocytes also express functional IL-31RA and OSMR. IL-31 increases the expression of IL-1α, CCL17, CCL22, S100A7, and β-defensing 2 and decreases the expression of filaggrin and corneodesmosin.
IL-31诱导犬瘙痒的机制
重组cIL-31和抗犬IL-31单克隆抗体制备
为了探索IL-31诱发瘙痒的确切详细机制,研究团队制备了重组犬IL-31(cIL-31)和抗犬IL-31单克隆抗体以建立以犬为模型的研究。利用哺乳动物表达系统产生cIL-31,随后进行蛋白纯化和分析。对表达和纯化蛋白质的生物活性进行鉴定,评估cIL-31激活JAK-STAT、MAPK和PI3K通路的能力(这些信号转导通路参与人和小鼠IL-31的信号传导)。对CF-1小鼠每两周用cIL-31免疫一次。免疫后,通过ELISA筛选小鼠血清和初级融合产物对cIL-31的反应性,利用杂交瘤技术进行犬IL-31单克隆抗体的生产。
Fig 3.cIL-31功能评估:这些蛋白质的磷酸化分别表明JAK/STAT和MAPK通路激活
IL-31诱导的瘙痒模型及实验
实验人员对15只实验室专门饲养的健康成年雄性阉割比格犬进行随机对照交叉研究,重复使用重组IL-31后,在健康犬中观察IL-31诱导的瘙痒模型中的即时/延迟瘙痒反应和瘙痒行为。所有狗随机接受两次在无菌磷酸盐缓冲盐水(PBS)中以1.75μg/kg(IL-31_01和 IL-31_02) 稀释的重组犬IL-31或无菌PBS(载体,阴性对照;Vehicle_01 和 Vehicle_02)。
Fig 4.与载体对照组(Vehicle_01,Vehicle_02)相比,重复静脉注射犬重组IL-31(IL-31_01和IL-31_02)在注射后270分钟间隔内诱导15只健康犬的瘙痒行为显著上调
Fig 5.在15只健康狗中重复静脉注射重组IL31(IL-31_01 和 IL-31_02)和载体 (Vehicle_01,Vehicle_02)后,视频观察期间内每30分钟的间隔以秒为单位的瘙痒行为
Fig 6.注射后270分钟间隔重复静脉注射犬IL-31(IL-31_01 和 IL-31_02)和载体对照(Vehicle_01, Vehicle_02)后犬IL-31 瘙痒模型(n = 15 只狗)的瘙痒行为变化
在这项研究中,当静脉注射到健康狗体内时,重复使用IL-31可在4.5小时内引起具有统计学意义的瘙痒行为,而不会引起明显的严重皮肤自伤(例如糜烂/溃疡)。
抗IL-31单克隆抗体抑制IL-31介导的瘙痒
IL-31的过度表达或注射已被证明在小鼠犬中诱导了深刻的瘙痒反应,为探讨IL-31中和性单克隆抗体(mAb)能否阻断IL-31诱导的瘙痒反应,利用重组食蟹猴IL-31 (recombinant cynomolgus IL-31,以下简称重组IL-31)对食蟹猴的瘙痒反应进行研究,评估了重组IL-31的3种给药途径(静脉内、皮内和皮下)以及皮下注射与重组IL-31交叉反应的抗IL-31单克隆抗体,检测其阻断重组IL-31皮内给药反应的能力。结果发现,重组IL-31的每种递送途径在给药后立即引起划痕反应并持续至少3小时,抗IL-31单克隆抗体处理以剂量依赖性方式抑制重组IL-31介导的划痕反应。这表明,IL-31单克隆抗体在体内能够抑制IL-31介导的瘙痒。
在IL-31诱导犬瘙痒模型中的起效和作用持续时间
洛基维特单抗(Lokivetmab,Cytopoint)是一种犬源化单克隆抗体,可结合并中和犬IL-31,已在全球范围内获批用于治疗犬AD相关临床症状以及其他形式的过敏性皮炎。研究人员进一步描述在IL-31诱导的比格犬瘙痒的实验室模型中,单次注射洛基维特单抗的止痒作用起效和作用持续时间。对洛基维特单抗起效时间的评估表明和疗效持续时间研究的结果显示,在IL-31诱导瘙痒的犬模型中,洛基维特单抗给药后瘙痒也显著减轻。
Fig 7.犬中洛基维特单抗的止痒作用开始时间
Fig 8.洛基维特单抗在犬体内止痒作用的持续时间
参考文献
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